<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF 
 xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
 xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"
 xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
 xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
>
  <channel rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org">
    <title>Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident</title>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org</link>
    <description>Revue s'intéressant à l'ensemble des productions culturelles du monde sinisé / A journal specialised in the culture of China and Eastern Asia</description>        
    <items>    
      <rdf:Seq>      
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/265" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/250" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/247" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/252" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/254" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/256" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/259" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/261" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/263" />
        <rdf:li resource="http://extremeorient.revues.org/215" />
              </rdf:Seq>  </items>  </channel>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/250">
    <title>Sly Mouths and Silver Tongues: the Dynamics of Psychological Persuasion in Ancient China</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="resume">The philosophical adventure begins in ancient China with a clear consciousness of the power and the potential dangers deriving from the rhetorical use of words. In spite of all the efforts made by Confucius in order to subjugate discourse to an ethical code and to certify a strict and appropriate relationship between names and deeds, the truth is that the Warring States period is characterized by the increasing intellectual and political influence of a new class of orators who, stripped of any moral attachment, consider persuasion from a purely strategic perspective. As in the art of war, as it was understood in early China, this kind of persuasion based on psychological skills needs malleability, adaptability, simulation and dissimulation; exhaustive knowledge about the adversary and, at the same time, impenetrable secrecy and opacity concerning one’s own intentions. In my paper, I will try to show the essential dynamics of these rhetorical techniques as well as some of the most re...</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Albert Galvany</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/250</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/247">
    <title>Introduction: Political Rhetoric in Early China</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <h1 class="texte">Introduction</h1>
      <p class="texte">Early Chinese thought enjoys a wide appeal, in the scholarly world as much as elsewhere, as people are keen on learning about the ideas of Confucius, Mencius, and other thinkers whose views have shaped traditional Chinese culture. In the study of early Chinese thought, emphasis has long been on <em>what </em>thinkers said, not on <em>how </em>they proffered their views. Even studies that do consider the <em>how</em>, tend to focus on logic and argumentation, rather than rhetoric. Fortunately, in the past few decades growing attention has been paid to Chinese rhetoric which has led to an impressive number of publications. This issue of <em>Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident </em>feeds into the current debate on Chinese rhetoric by exploring facets that have hitherto been underemphasized, if explored at all. In this introduction, brief outlines of rhetoric in the West and in China are followed by synopses of the six articles in this issue.</p>
      <h1 class="texte">1. Rhetoric in the West</h1>
      <p class="texte">Rhetoric, from the Greek word <em>rhētōrikē </em>(<em>ῥητορική...</em></p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Paul van Els</dc:creator> 
    <dc:creator>Elisa Sabattini</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/247</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/252">
    <title>Rhetoric that Kills, Rhetoric that Heals</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="resume">The political context of a throng of courtiers engaged in keen competition to be heard by a lord whose power was not limited by any institutional mechanism, accounts for the highly risky and often deadly game of political persuasion in the pre-imperial period. In this article I examine how early Chinese speeches of persuasion hover between reason and treason, salvation and suicide. Without seeking to exhaust the wealth and ambiguities of each text drawn on, I aim to identify and evaluate contrasting attitudes, ranging from cognitive optimism to moral pessimism, regarding the capacity of language to convince and influence the listener or improve his behavior.<br />After analyzing in the <em>Han Feizi</em> and in the <em>Intrigues of the Warring States</em> a type of deliberative rhetoric that disregards moral ends, I turn to situations where, for once, rhetoric does not serve the purpose of winning a case, obtaining something specific or defeating an opponent, but seeks to accomplish the highest task of the...</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Romain Graziani</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/252</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/254">
    <title>Alienating Rhetoric in the Book of Lord Shang and its Moderation</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="resume">The <em>Book of Lord Shang</em>, supposedly composed by Shang Yang (d. 338 <span style="text-transform:uppercase;">bce</span>) and his disciples, is one of the most controversial texts of the Warring States period. Aside from engagement in what may be defined as “normal” polemics with ideological opponents, the authors at times adopt a radically alienating rhetoric, assaulting ideas and values which were overwhelmingly cherished by members of the educated elite. This rhetoric is fully visible in two chapters (3 and 4), which apparently belong to the early layer of the book. There, the authors deride fundamental moral values; call for establishing a regime in which “scoundrels rule the good people”; and advocate military victory by performing “whatever the enemy is ashamed of.” These pronouncements may explain the strongly negative reaction that the <em>Book of Lord Shang</em> and its putative author, Shang Yang, generated among intellectuals from the Warring States period, throughout the imperial era and well into our time.<br />In my article I argue t...</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Yuri Pines</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/254</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/256">
    <title>“Waiting for the Sages of Later Generations”: Is there a Rhetoric of Treason in the Shiji?</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="resume">This paper explores five passages in the <em>Shiji</em> in which the author addresses sages and superior men of later generations and encourages them to draw conclusions from the historical facts presented there. All five passages allude to one specific passage in the <em>Gongyang zhuan</em>, a text that transmits the teachings of Confucius relating to the “Spring and Autumn” Annals (<em>Chunqiu</em>). Under the entry relating to the 14th reign year of Duke Ai of Lu (481) in which the capture of a unicorn is recorded, the <em>Gongyang</em> commentary reports on Confucius’ reaction to this event: the arrival of this auspicious animal meant to him that the time had come to devote his work to sages and superior men of later generations.<br />Closer examination of the five <em>Shiji </em>chapters in which the allusion to the <em>Gongyang zhuan</em> occurs reveals that they all discuss aspects related to the rule of a sage. These aspects are all—directly or indirectly—related to measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty (r. 141-87), implyin...</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Dorothee Schaab-Hanke</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/256</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/259">
    <title>Tilting Vessels and Collapsing Walls—On the Rhetorical Function of Anecdotes in Early Chinese Texts</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="resume">Early Chinese argumentative texts are full of historical anecdotes. These short accounts of events in Chinese history enhance the appeal of the text, but they also have an important rhetorical function in helping the reader understand, accept, and remember the arguments propounded in the text. In this paper I examine the rhetorical function of historical anecdotes in two argumentative texts of the Western Han dynasty (202 <span style="text-transform:uppercase;">bce</span>-9 <span style="text-transform:uppercase;">ce</span>): <em>Han</em><em>’</em><em>s</em><em> </em><em>Illustrations</em><em> </em><em>of</em><em> </em><em>the</em><em> </em><em>Odes</em><em> </em><em>for</em><em> </em><em>Outsiders</em><em> </em>and <em>The</em><em> </em><em>Master</em><em> </em><em>of</em><em> </em><em>Huainan</em>. These two texts found creative use for anecdotes, namely as illustrations of quotations from canonical sources. Through case studies of several combinations of anecdotes and quotations, I argue that the combinations serve to present the creators of these texts as beacons of knowledge with profound understanding of historical events and canonical literature, and with the necessary skills to fruitfully combine the two.</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Paul van Els</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/259</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/261">
    <title>“People as Root” (min ben) Rhetoric in the New Writings by Jia Yi (200-168)</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="resume">The ancient idea of the “people as root,” which experienced a revival in China starting from the early twentieth century, is usually related to the philosophy of Confucius (551-479 <span style="text-transform:uppercase;">bce</span>) and Mengzi (<em>ca</em> 379-304 <span style="text-transform:uppercase;">bce</span>). Contrary to the traditional reading, which perceives the manifestation of virtues that benefit the people as the key to genuine leadership, this paper aims to stress the rhetorical use of the expression “people as root” and mainly focuses on the “Great Command, Part I” and “Great Command, Part II” of the <em>New</em><em> </em><em>Writings</em>, a collection of texts ascribed to the Former Han empire (<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">202</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"> </span><span style="text-transform:uppercase;">bce</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">-9</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"> </span><span style="text-transform:uppercase;">ce</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">)</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"> </span>scholar Jia Yi (200-168 <span style="text-transform:uppercase;">bce</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">)</span>. Its appeal to “the people” is due to its “emotive connotation” rather than signifying a concrete set of people-oriented policies and the “people as root” easily became a rhetorical device. The “people as root” is part of the political phraseology of Jia Yi and is strongly influenced by statesmen such as Shang Yang (390-338 <span style="text-transform:uppercase;">bce</span>), Shen Buhai (<em>ca</em> 400-337 <span style="text-transform:uppercase;">bce</span>) an...</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Elisa Sabattini</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/261</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/263">
    <title>Political Rhetoric in China and in Imperial Rome: the Persuader, the Ruler, the Audience</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="texte">The most fundamental difference between political rhetoric in traditional China and in the Greco-Roman world—and specifically in Rome, with which I will deal here—is, as is rightly stressed by some of the contributors to this splendid volume, that in China political rhetoric is invariably addressed by a “persuader” to a single man—the autocratic ruler, and not to the public or to collective civic bodies. In Romain Graziani’s words, “This canonical political pattern must be understood within the broader context of the overarching paradigm of monarchism in Chinese political culture. The Chinese persuader is not strictly speaking a ‘<em>rhētōr</em>’, a public speaker defined by his command of the civic art of persuading”; “rhetoric in Chinese politics was never concerned with public address. By contrast, in ancient Rome, political rhetoric was focused on the manipulation of public opinion. A rhetor addressed a large audience,” that could number thousands when he addressed the people or hundreds...</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Alexander Yakobson</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/263</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/265">
    <title>Paroles justes, paroles efficaces</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="texte">En ce qu’elle concerne le <em>pouvoir</em> du langage, la rhétorique, ou art de parler et de persuader, est par elle-même une compétence politique. À ce titre, le prédicateur, l’avocat ou l’amoureux intrigant qui parviennent à modifier les dispositions et les comportements de leurs interlocuteurs en usant efficacement de leur parole pratiquent une sorte de politique entendue en un sens métaphorique. Mais la politique désigne plus spécifiquement une sphère d’activités et de rapports humains, celle de la distribution du pouvoir social, de la détermination de valeurs et de normes collectives, et de la prise de décisions qui engagent le destin d’une communauté, sphère dans laquelle la rhétorique est appelée à exercer un rôle plus précis. En ce second sens du terme « politique », la rhétorique des gouvernants, des conseillers, des idéologues et autres partisans, ou encore celle du simple citoyen se sépare de la rhétorique « de la chaire » et de celle « du barreau ». Tel est le domaine des relatio...</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Gabrielle Radica</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/265</link>
    <dc:date>2015-11-01</dc:date>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://extremeorient.revues.org/206">
    <title>Des patriarches aux pieds d’argile</title>
    <description><![CDATA[
      <p class="resume">Le nouvel État-nation japonais a tenté d’instituer à partir des années 1890 une idéologie officielle visant à faire du chef et père de famille la source et le modèle du pouvoir politique.<br />Pourtant, si l’on quitte les discours officiels pour s’engager dans les méandres du code civil de 1898 par exemple, ou plus encore pour prêter l’oreille à ce qu’expriment les écrivains de l’époque, on sera surpris de rencontrer, bien loin de l’idéal figé du patriarche imposant, d’autres pères, souvent tendres et fragiles, quand ils ne sont pas totalement défaillants.<br />La véhémence de l’affirmation patriarcale dans le Japon moderne doit-elle être lue comme l’expression naturelle d’une caractéristique sociale ou culturelle, ou au contraire comme un effort, à certains égards vain et pathétique, pour essayer d’instituer une autorité paternelle qui n’a cessé en réalité de lui faire défaut ?</p>]]></description> 
    <dc:creator>Emmanuel Lozerand</dc:creator>
    <link>http://extremeorient.revues.org/206</link>
    <dc:date>2015-01-01</dc:date>
  </item>
</rdf:RDF>